Antibiotics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti-microbials - Research Paper Example Around 80% of all anti-infection agents accessible are utilized in agribusiness, to battle contaminations and for advancing unfortunate yet beneficial weight gain. As indicated by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural issues, on-going low-portion organization of anti-infection agents can build the effectiveness and pace of weight gain in sound domesticated animals. Further, all things considered, the nearness of anti-toxins may change the piece of the gut verdure for sound development. In any case, there is a discussion concerning the manner by which gut verdure are changed. It might be just an adjustment in animal types piece, decrease in numbers, or a mix of both. A few anti-toxins given to solid domesticated animals may likewise improve feed utilization and sound developing by invigorating an animal’s metabolic procedure. Jill U. Adams of the Los Angeles Times contends that numerous farmers and ranchers give antibiotic medication, penicillin and different ant i-toxins to sound animals to maintain a strategic distance from them from being debilitated. They additionally develop enormous after they utilize the anti-toxins (Adams, 2012) Raising more beneficial creatures can be unhealthful for people. Specialists as of late audited a large portion of the logical works regarding the matter of the utilization of anti-infection agents in creatures and the wellbeing risks in people. They inferred that, the degree to which anti-infection agents in domesticated animals use adds to anti-infection opposition in microbes that cause food borne sicknesses in people is muddled. The specialists declared that wide logical investigations confirm that people are generally plausible to get safe diseases because of their own utilization of anti-infection agents. Concerning food borne contaminations, fortunately, for most solid people, lion's share of food borne diseases including those brought by safe microscopic organisms, are not incredibly serious to requir e anti-microbial treatment (Chiras, 2005). In any case, as far as possible likely dangers, the Food and Drug Administration approaches incorporate a methodology to build up if utilizing a specific anti-microbial can expand obstruction hazard. FDA likewise authorizes that whenever esteemed reasonable, conditions for the remedy of the anti-infection would block opposition advancement. Nonetheless, meat customers ought to consistently stick to suggestions to deflect the event of food borne ailments, for example, exhaustive cleaning of food arrangement areas, visit hand washing, and cooking nourishments, particularly meat to suggested temperatures. Abuse and abuse of anti-microbials may make particular developmental weight that favors antimicrobial safe kinds of microorganisms to increment rapidly than antimicrobial helpless microscopic organisms. This builds the opportunity for individuals to be tainted by safe microscopic organisms. Since antibacterial medication use adds to the devel opment of medication safe life forms, these fundamental medications ought to be used reasonably in both human and creature medication to hinder the rise of opposition. Meat from creatures rewarded with anti-microbials is the primary wellspring of pathogens in people that are impervious to anti-toxins. This is confirm when the writer composes that for around 40 years, FDA has been worried that the utilization of anti-microbials in animals might be quickening the expansion of pathogens in people that are not defenseless to doctor’s prescription. What's more, he makes reference to that individuals tainted with anti-infection safe microorganisms or pathogens appear to be all the more truly sick and are difficult to treat (Adams, 2012). Pathogens that are impervious to anti-toxin represents roughly $20 or progressively billion human services costs in the United States yearly, comprehensive of longer

For this week's discussion you will explore macros and security Assignment

During the current week's conversation you will investigate macros and security highlights gave by MS Word - Assignment Example The large scale can likewise be utilized to feature a specific book or word and afterward use ‘macro’ to explore it to definition or itemized data. Furthermore, Macro can likewise be utilized to add more detail to a specific book or occasion referenced in the report. U.S Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability characterizes, â€Å"Macro Virus’ as a bit of self-repeating code written in an application’s large scale language† (Salomon, 2010). Full scale Virus influences the whole record, hence, if any archive that has Macro Virus will be supplant with another report. It very well may be forestalled through utilizing computerized marks and refreshing programming all the time (Salomon, 2010). The infection can influence the whole report and you may free the whole data, the whole record, format or archive may get adulterated and making a progression of programmed ruinous activities your

QA with Prof. Jonathan Gruber 87 (CPW Preview!)

QA with Prof. Jonathan Gruber ‘87 (CPW Preview!) At Fridays Campus Preview Weekend Keynote (10am, Kresge Auditorium), there will be two prominent faculty keynote speakers. To highlight their talks, Ill feature a mini-interview with each of them. Prof. Jonathan Gruber received his Bachelor Of Science in Course 14 (Economics) from MIT in 1987, and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard in 1992. Since then, he has been a member of the Economics faculty at MIT. Heres an official biography and photograph, followed by the QA: Dr. Jonathan Gruber is a Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has taught since 1992. ¬â€  He is also the Director of the Health Care Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he is a Research Associate. ¬â€  He is a co-editor of the Journal of Public Economics, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Health Economics. Dr. Gruber received his B.S. in Economics from MIT, and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard. ¬â€  He has received an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship, a FIRST award from the National Institute on Aging, and the Kenneth Arrow Award for the Best Paper in Health Economics in 1994. ¬â€  He was also one of 15 scientists nationwide to receive the Presidential Faculty Fellow Award from the National Science Foundation in 1995. ¬â€  Dr. Gruber was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2005, and in 2006 he received the American Society of Health Economists Inaugural Medal for the best health economist in the nation aged 40 and under. ¬â€  Dr. Grubers research focuses on the areas of public finance and health economics. ¬â€  He has published more than 125 research articles, has edited six research volumes, and is the author of Public Finance and Public Policy, a leading undergraduate text. During the 1997-1998 academic year, Dr. Gruber was on leave as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the Treasury Department. He was a key architect of Massachusetts ambitious health reform effort, and in 2006 became an inaugural member of the Health Connector Board, the main implementing body for that effort. ¬â€  In that year, he was named the 19th most powerful person in health care in the United States by Modern Healthcare Magazine. ¬â€  During the 2008 he was a consultant to the Clinton, Edwards and Obama Presidential campaigns and was called by the Washington Post, possibly the [Democratic] partys most influential health-care expert. Q. Can you tell us about your current research work? A. My current research focuses primarily on health economics issues. I am undertaking several studies of the Medicare Part D program, which provides prescription drug coverage for elders, looking at how elders are doing making their choice of Part D plans and the impact on their well-being. I am also examining what determines hospital quality, focusing on aspects such as how hospital strikes impact patient outcomes and how patient outcomes vary based on how far they live from a high quality hospital. And I am studying an Oregon program which allocated health insurance coverage by lottery! Q. Can you tell us about an undergraduate course that you teach? A. I teach both basic introductory microeconomics (14.01) and an undergraduate elective, Public Finance and Public Policy (14.41) Q. Why did you choose to come to MIT? A. I chose to come to MIT twice in 1983 as a student, and again in 1992 as a Professor. In both cases I came here because it was so obviously the best place to be! Q. What do you remember from when you first stepped on the MIT campus? A. I dont remember 1983! But for 1992 I remember how weird it was to be back at MIT I never conceived of coming back as a Professor! Q. What were you involved with on campus as an undergraduate? A. I was on the tennis team and worked on the MIT Yearbook my first couple years. Then I got more focused on campus politics. I was the very first student representative to the CAP [Committee on Academic Performance]! Q. What is exciting about Economics at MIT? A. What is incredibly exciting is that we have the best faculty in the world along with one of the smallest economics programs of major universities, so that our undergraduates have unparalleled access to leading economics researchers. Combine that with the research possibilities of the UROP program and you end up with a wonderful place to study economics as an undergraduate. Q. What advice would you give to a student beginning their undergraduate years in Economics? A. Keep your eyes open! Take a broad interest and dont prejudge what will catch your fancy you never know. Ill be one of the people in charge of passing around the microphones after Prof. Grubers speech on Friday what questions might you want to ask?

QA with Prof. Jonathan Gruber 87 (CPW Preview!)

QA with Prof. Jonathan Gruber ‘87 (CPW Preview!) At Fridays Campus Preview Weekend Keynote (10am, Kresge Auditorium), there will be two prominent faculty keynote speakers. To highlight their talks, Ill feature a mini-interview with each of them. Prof. Jonathan Gruber received his Bachelor Of Science in Course 14 (Economics) from MIT in 1987, and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard in 1992. Since then, he has been a member of the Economics faculty at MIT. Heres an official biography and photograph, followed by the QA: Dr. Jonathan Gruber is a Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has taught since 1992. ¬â€  He is also the Director of the Health Care Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he is a Research Associate. ¬â€  He is a co-editor of the Journal of Public Economics, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Health Economics. Dr. Gruber received his B.S. in Economics from MIT, and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard. ¬â€  He has received an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship, a FIRST award from the National Institute on Aging, and the Kenneth Arrow Award for the Best Paper in Health Economics in 1994. ¬â€  He was also one of 15 scientists nationwide to receive the Presidential Faculty Fellow Award from the National Science Foundation in 1995. ¬â€  Dr. Gruber was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2005, and in 2006 he received the American Society of Health Economists Inaugural Medal for the best health economist in the nation aged 40 and under. ¬â€  Dr. Grubers research focuses on the areas of public finance and health economics. ¬â€  He has published more than 125 research articles, has edited six research volumes, and is the author of Public Finance and Public Policy, a leading undergraduate text. During the 1997-1998 academic year, Dr. Gruber was on leave as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the Treasury Department. He was a key architect of Massachusetts ambitious health reform effort, and in 2006 became an inaugural member of the Health Connector Board, the main implementing body for that effort. ¬â€  In that year, he was named the 19th most powerful person in health care in the United States by Modern Healthcare Magazine. ¬â€  During the 2008 he was a consultant to the Clinton, Edwards and Obama Presidential campaigns and was called by the Washington Post, possibly the [Democratic] partys most influential health-care expert. Q. Can you tell us about your current research work? A. My current research focuses primarily on health economics issues. I am undertaking several studies of the Medicare Part D program, which provides prescription drug coverage for elders, looking at how elders are doing making their choice of Part D plans and the impact on their well-being. I am also examining what determines hospital quality, focusing on aspects such as how hospital strikes impact patient outcomes and how patient outcomes vary based on how far they live from a high quality hospital. And I am studying an Oregon program which allocated health insurance coverage by lottery! Q. Can you tell us about an undergraduate course that you teach? A. I teach both basic introductory microeconomics (14.01) and an undergraduate elective, Public Finance and Public Policy (14.41) Q. Why did you choose to come to MIT? A. I chose to come to MIT twice in 1983 as a student, and again in 1992 as a Professor. In both cases I came here because it was so obviously the best place to be! Q. What do you remember from when you first stepped on the MIT campus? A. I dont remember 1983! But for 1992 I remember how weird it was to be back at MIT I never conceived of coming back as a Professor! Q. What were you involved with on campus as an undergraduate? A. I was on the tennis team and worked on the MIT Yearbook my first couple years. Then I got more focused on campus politics. I was the very first student representative to the CAP [Committee on Academic Performance]! Q. What is exciting about Economics at MIT? A. What is incredibly exciting is that we have the best faculty in the world along with one of the smallest economics programs of major universities, so that our undergraduates have unparalleled access to leading economics researchers. Combine that with the research possibilities of the UROP program and you end up with a wonderful place to study economics as an undergraduate. Q. What advice would you give to a student beginning their undergraduate years in Economics? A. Keep your eyes open! Take a broad interest and dont prejudge what will catch your fancy you never know. Ill be one of the people in charge of passing around the microphones after Prof. Grubers speech on Friday what questions might you want to ask?

The New York Classical Players - 989 Words

Beethoven Encounters paper On Saturday December 5, 2015 I went to the New York Public Library Center for the Preforming Arts at Lincoln Center to view the performance called â€Å"Beethoven Encounters†. The show was free and it was in the Bruno Walter Auditorium. The pieces being performed were â€Å"String Quartet Opus 18 no. 5† all four movements. This was followed by â€Å"String Quartet Opus 18 no. 1† all four movements of this. Which was then finished with â€Å"String Quartet Opus 18 no. 4† with all four movements again. The show began at 2:30 in the afternoon and went on for about an hour or so. The group presenting were the â€Å"The New York Classical Players†. This group is a quartet. All four members are highly trained classical violinists who have all preformed multiple times in the past with â€Å"The New York Classical Players†. The lead violinist was David Southorn who is the second most well trained person in this group. Danbi Um, the second violinist, is an Israeli violinist who mostly does solo work but she also is an extremely well experienced violinist. She has performed in both America and Israel doing shows in concert halls as well as on local television. The third, and most experienced violinist is Wei-Yang Andy Lin. He is a Taiwanese violinist who has been the teacher of at least one other member of this group. That member was David Southorn. Mister Lin is currently a faculty member at the Chinese Cultural Arts Institute in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The last member of theShow MoreRelatedThe Classical Music And Jazz1544 Words   |  7 PagesSato Professor Dana ILAC Pathway 3 25 September 2015 Classical music and Jazz What people come up with when they hear the words â€Å"classical music† is a big concert hall, while what people come up with is a small bar or something when they hear â€Å"jazz†. It seems they are different as they are named differently, but are they really different? 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Naming Ionic Compounds Test Questions

`` The First Full Length Novel `` By Henry Fielding

Joseph Andrews, the first full length novel which was made by the English author Henry Fielding. And considered from the first English novels, this novel was called by Henry Fielding s comic epic poem in prose. This novel is a parody version of the novel Pamela. it is the story of a good-natured footman s adventures on the road home from London with his friend and mentor, the stargazing parson Abraham Adams. The novel speaks to the meeting up of the two contending feel of eighteenth-century writing: the false chivalrous and neoclassical (and, by augmentation, privileged) methodology of Augustans, for example, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift; and the famous, household exposition fiction of authors, for example, Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson. 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Analysis Of Australian Healthcare System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Australian Healthcare System. Answer: Introduction The facilities related to healthcare in Australia are provided by the private practitioners or by the hospitals which are operated by the government. The costs related to medical services are provided by the insurance organizations of the private sector or the government agencies. The Australias universal Healthcare system is known as Medicare which provides subsidies for most of the medical costs in the country. The concept of Universal Health Coverage is related to the curative, preventive, rehabilitative services that are provided to the people and the communities. The services that are provided to the people need to be of sufficient quality so that it can be effective and at the same time it should not expose the people to financial problems (What is universal coverage?, 2018). The three major objectives of UHC are, equity in the access to the health services, the quality of the services need to be good and the people have to protected from the financial risks. The report will be based on the internal and the external analysis of the Australian Healthcare System. The strengths and the weaknesses of the healthcare system will be analysed in the report which are the internal factors of the organization. The opportunities and the threats of the system will be discussed which will help in the external analysis of the system. The SWOT Grid Strengths The Australian healthcare system holds the topmost position in the world. The Australian government has the responsibility to provide healthcare facilities. The healthcare system provides facilities to the doctors and the medical people along with the patients (Duckett Willcox, 2015). Weaknesses The long list of people waiting in the government hospitals. Concerns related to quality and safety of the healthcare services Outdated systems implemented in the government hospitals (Hermansyah, Sainsbury Krass, 2018). Opportunities High standards of living of the Australian citizens and excellence in the healthcare system. The healthcare sector provides huge number of jobs to the Australian citizens. The sector has given a huge boom to the economy of Australia (Baig, GholamHosseini Connolly, 2015). Threats Increase in the burden of chronic diseases in the country. Increase in the aged population of the country. High costs related to the healthcare services provided to Australians (Wiseman et al., 2016). Strengths of the healthcare system The healthcare system in Australia has held the position of one of the greatest healthcare system or structures in the entire world. The healthcare and the medical facilities are mainly provided by the Australian government with the help of Medicare. However, the Australian citizens require private insurance related facilities for dental issues that are faced by them. The Australian health care system therefore consists of private as well as public medical services. The health care facilities are easily accessible to the Australian citizens irrespective of their income levels or the type of insurance that are taken by them. The healthcare system of Australia is an important part of the country (Duckett Willcox, 2015). The responsibility to provide the best services to the citizens is the major responsibility of the Australian government. The government has keep in mind the convenience and the affordability related to the medical services provided to the people. The Australian health care services which are provided with the help of Medicare is guaranteed to all the citizens of the country. The major expenditures related to the health care of citizens are paid by the Australian government bodies. The services related healthcare are financed and further controlled by federal government of Australia. The Medicare named organization is mainly an insurance program for the use of Australian citizens which is free for them and it includes the hospital and physician facilities and the cost related to prescriptions (Gibson et al., 2015). The program also provides special benefits for the families of the insurance holders. The major role of the Australian government is providing funds, doctors and hospitals and to determine quality of the medicines. The health care related programs that are organised by the Australian government provide facilities not only to the patients, the physicians and doctors are also provided these benefits. The physicians and the doctors earn sa laries from these programs or receive additional fees for the diagnosis of the private patients in the public hospitals (Duckett Willcox, 2015). The doctors are sometimes provided with compensation on hourly basis if they provide private practice for the public patients. The facilities related to the private insurance are received by half of Australian population as additional coverage. This coverage is subsidized by the government which covers services like private hospitals and dental care (Falster et al., 2015). The rate of deaths in Australia related to medical care is the lowest. This depicts a positive picture of the society of Australia with respect to the equity of access to the facilities related to health care. Weaknesses of the healthcare system The health care system of Australia has also been facing many issues which are related to the long list of people waiting to receive health facilities. The people need to wait for quite a long time before getting the appointment of doctors. The patients had to wait to meet the doctors with whom they had scheduled appointments as well. The health care related system of Australia has been given the last rank by Commonwealth Fund as compared to the other developed countries like, UK, USA and Canada (Hermansyah, Sainsbury Krass, 2018). The distribution and supply of the workforce for providing health care services in Australia has been facing many difficulties and problems. There have many concerns related to the quality and the safety of the health services which have affected the basis of the health care system of Australia (Jokanovic et al., 2016). Many uncertainties and doubts have risen related to the possibilities of stabilizing the balance between the private and the public secto rs in delivering and funding of health services. The Australian government has been facing many challenges and is concerned about the role played by urban planning in the creation of a sustainable and healthy community. The extra care required by the indigenous population of the country was another major challenge for the Australian government. The funding related issues and the provisions related to health care are other challenges faced by the Australian government. The Australian health care system has been ranked high in the average rates of life expectancy and the mortality rates of the infants (Hermansyah, Sainsbury Krass, 2018). These positive features of the system are also under risk as the ageing population of the country is increasing with the increasing burden of the chronic diseases. The Australian health care organization and the services provided by this system are becoming outdated and this is putting stress of the health care system. The Australian system of health care is also affected by the inequalities in the health between the most privileged and the least privileged citizens of the country. This depicts that the health care system of the country requires lot of improvements and the services need to be equal for all the levels of people in the society (Willis, Reynolds Keleher, 2016). Opportunities of the healthcare system The healthcare system of Australia is under huge pressure. The Australian system of healthcare ranks quite high as compared to the other health care facilities provided by the other developed countries. The system has received the sixth rank in the entire world as compared to the other countries in terms of efficiency. The country however constantly holds the topmost position with respect to the Better Life Index of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Pearce Bainbridge, 2014). This organization helps in the measurement of the ways by which the citizens perceive their mental, physical and the social well-being. The high standards of living of the Australian citizens and the excellent system of healthcare can bring major benefits to the population of the country. The Australian citizens live longer due to their health and ageing population can pose a major problem on the healthcare facilities that are provided by the government (Baig, GholamHosseini Connolly, 2015). The older population will require longer stays in the hospitals and much more care. The Australian health care system can however become the major contributor in the Australian economy if it is managed in a proper manner. The healthcare sector already provides huge number of jobs to the Australian citizens and it ranks as the fifth contributor to the GDP of the country. The sector can contribute much more to the Australian economy by attracting the foreign investment in the research and development related area of the sector (Pearce Bainbridge, 2014). The Australian healthcare sector can also become the major export industry of the country and can further make much more positive contribution to the economy. The industry has given a huge boom to the Australian economy in the past few years and it has the potential to contribute much more to the Australian economy (Hall, 2015). The building of research and development related facilities of the leading local pharma companies wi thin the country itself will help the industry in contributing to the growth process of the country. The public and the private sector can be a major part of the local research and development facilities and can help in attracting foreign investment towards the sector. The high standards of health care in Australia can further help in providing the world class facilities to the foreign tourists who visit the country (Baig, GholamHosseini Connolly, 2015). Threats related to the healthcare system The Australian government will face huge challenges in the delivery of healthcare facilities to the citizens. The healthcare system of the country has ranked quite well on the international basis. The burden related to chronic illness has increased in the country and the health services provided by the organizations have been under stress due to these factors. The inequalities in health among the Australian citizens have been a major threat to the health care system. The changes in the demography of Australia and the patterns of diseases are also major threats to the healthcare system of the country. This has increased the amount of time that is spent by the aged population in the hospitals (Wang, Kung Byrd, 2018). The ageing population and the increase in the rate of chronic diseases have posed major challenges towards the medical system of Australia. The preventive initiatives that need to reach the citizens who are at risk related to the chronic diseases. The costs related to hea lthcare have further increased due to the advancement in the technologies that are used in the hospitals. The advances related to the equipments used for the purpose of therapeutic and diagnostic purposes are related to huge costs. These costs need to be subsidised by the government based organizations which provide health care services. The failure of the organizations to provide subsidies for these equipments can raise questions and increase the political pressure (Wiseman et al., 2016). The lack of the willingness of the doctors for providing services in the government healthcare organizations is a threat towards the entire system. The proportion of women in the workforce providing healthcare services have increased in the recent times and this has increased the pressure to balance the work and the family life (Wang, Kung Byrd, 2018). The social, work related and the educational aspirations of the health sector professionals and the families of these people have influenced the d ecisions about the areas they wish to practice. The workforce of the healthcare organizations has been facing serious shortages in the urban as well as the remote areas. The safety and quality of the services provided by the government organizations is a major threat towards the future of healthcare system in Australia (Freund et al., 2015). Another major threat towards the healthcare system of Australia is the mix of the public and private funding of the health services. The access to the health services provided are becoming less equitable. The high costs related to healthcare services have increased in the past ten years. The Australian healthcare system relies of the financing provided by private and public organizations. The surcharge that has been imposed on the private health insurance is unfair for the people who live in the rural areas. The mortality rates of children had decreased in the last few years, however the health of children is under threat due to a set of the mod ern conditions that decrease the quality of life (Davy et al., 2015). The rapid expansion related to the Australian population in the urban areas has been creating challenges in the planning for the sustainable and healthy communities. The increase in urbanization has posed major challenges towards the public health of the citizens (Freund et al., 2015). Conclusion The report can be concluded by stating that the Australian healthcare system has been in a favourable position and has received the topmost position on an international basis. The sector has been contributing a lot to the economy of Australia by providing jobs to a huge number of people. The major strengths of the system are related to the various services that are provided by the Australian government. The healthcare system however had to face many challenges in the recent times due to the increase on the ageing population on the country. The healthcare sector of the country however hah many opportunities of growth in the near future. References Baig, M. M., GholamHosseini, H., Connolly, M. J. (2015). Mobile healthcare applications: system design review, critical issues and challenges.Australasian physical engineering sciences in medicine,38(1), 23-38. Davy, C., Bleasel, J., Liu, H., Tchan, M., Ponniah, S., Brown, A. (2015). Effectiveness of chronic care models: opportunities for improving healthcare practice and health outcomes: a systematic review.BMC health services research,15(1), 194. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015).The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Falster, M. O., Jorm, L. R., Douglas, K. A., Blyth, F. M., Elliott, R. F., Leyland, A. H. (2015). Sociodemographic and health characteristics, rather than primary care supply, are major drivers of geographic variation in preventable hospitalizations in Australia.Medical care,53(5), 436. Freund, T., Everett, C., Griffiths, P., Hudon, C., Naccarella, L., Laurant, M. (2015). Skill mix, roles and remuneration in the primary care workforce: who are the healthcare professionals in the primary care teams across the world?.International journal of nursing studies,52(3), 727-743. Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review.Implementation Science,10(1), 71. Hall, J. (2015). Australian health careThe Challenge of reform in a fragmented system.New England Journal of Medicine,373(6), 493-497. Hermansyah, A., Sainsbury, E., Krass, I. (2018). Investigating the impact of the universal healthcare coverage programme on community pharmacy practice.Health social care in the community,26(2). Jokanovic, N., Tan, E. C., Dooley, M. J., Kirkpatrick, C. M., Elliott, R. A., Bell, J. S. (2016). Why is polypharmacy increasing in aged care facilities? The views of Australian health care professionals.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,22(5), 677-682. McCormack, B., McCance, T. (Eds.). (2016).Person-centred practice in nursing and health care: Theory and practice. John Wiley Sons. Pearce, C., Bainbridge, M. (2014). A personally controlled electronic health record for Australia.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(4), 707-713. Wang, Y., Kung, L., Byrd, T. A. (2018). Big data analytics: Understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,126, 3-13. What is universal coverage?. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.who.int/health_financing/universal_coverage_definition/en/ Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Wiseman, V., Mitton, C., Doyle?Waters, M. M., Drake, T., Conteh, L., Newall, A. T., ... Jan, S. (2016). Using economic evidence to set healthcare priorities in low?income and lower?middle?income countries: a systematic review of methodological frameworks.Health economics,25(S1), 140-161.

Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth free essay sample

Almost every relationship has those critical arguments or confrontations and requires communication as well as collaboration to overcome its challenges. This is the case between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth where two different personalities and characteristics begin to clash against one another and push each other to their limits. As the play progresses, Lady Macbeth’s motives and desires are revealed and as a result, her aspirations get the best of her and starts to influence her husband Macbeth to take the path of potentially being king which ultimately involves elements of death, fraud, and exploitation. Throughout act one of â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth share a controlling yet cooperative relationship. Lady Macbeth plays a very significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path towards higher royalty. Her own ambitions of being queen alongside her husband motivated her to plot a wicked act to overthrow or maybe even kill the king. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lady Macbeth first realizes the possibility of being queen in act 1, scene 5, lines 14-15 in which she states, â€Å" Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be what thou art promised. When she hears of the news, she immediately begins plotting to gain her husbands desire to be king but while doing so, she questions Macbeth as well as his abilities and personality. Lady Macbeth’s first instinct is to act with cruelty rather than loyalty, revealing her dark nature which go to beyond measures to obtain her desires. Also, starting from line 15 of Act 1, Scene 5, Lady Macbeth states, â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way†; in other words, Macbeth is a good-hearted man. She knows her husband too well to believe that he would be willing to do any wicked act such as murder especially against the king. As a result, she resolves to convince her husband to do whatever is required to seize the crown. She also believes that by putting her femininity aside, she can possibly do any of the darkest and most wicked acts to possibly seize the crown. Lady Macbeth plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. Her best bet is to try to influence Macbeth is by questioning his anhood. Through parts of act 1, scene 7, Macbeth gives her his reasons why he shouldn’t kill the king: karma, being the king’s host, being loyal as his subject, the king being humble leader, and compliments given to him by the king made him look favorable in the eyes of the people. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is str onger than ambition giving him less motivation to kill the king. As a result, Lady Macbeth repeatedly questions his manhood in the hope that he will defend himself by carrying out the murders. It seems to me that Macbeth has a mental struggle with his masculinity, because Lady Macbeth deprives him of it when he is at his lowest moments and then try to win him over by giving him compliments and expletive comments for example in act 1, scene 7, lines 49-59 in which Lady Macbeth states, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what your were, you would be so much more the men.. Does unmake you. I have given suck, and know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done this. † Basically, she dares him to commit the murder, using words that taunt rather than persuade in which it frightened and shocked Macbeth so much that he, as a result gives in to her orders. At this point we see Lady Macbeth as a persistent and strong women, while we see Macbeth as her indecisive and cowardly husband in which Lady Macbeth’s uses her strong characteristics to undermine Macbeth’s in order for him to cooperate with her ideas. Under her spell, all of Macbeth’s objections seem to evaporate and he is left only with a weak â€Å"If we should fail? † which is in line 58 of act 1, scene 7. Macbeth is not a good man at this point in the play, but he is not yet an evil one; he is tempted, and he tries to resist temptation. Macbeth’s resistance, however, is not effective enough to stand up to his wife’s ability to manipulate him. We finally get a sense that Macbeth is willing to do what his wife asks of him. She acts as a catalyst for Macbeth to commit treason by disregarding his rational, moral arguments and challenging his manhood.. As a result, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth cooperate and plot to get the servants drunk, and during that time Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would kill King Duncan and frame the drunken guards. In line 79-80 of act 1 scene 7, Macbeth states, â€Å"I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat. † Since Macbeth succumbs to Lady Macbeth’s wishes, Shakespeare re-confirms just how close the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is and that she has the power and he listens to whatever she has to say whether if it’s for his own good or not. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth share a very complex relationship between each other. Lady Macbeth is a complicated woman in the beginning of the play; she was strong and courageous, yet deceitful and problematic. Lady Macbeth endangered Macbeth’s life because had it not been for her influence and motivation, Macbeth would not have been so thirsty for the crown as well the overthrowing of those who currently held it. Lady Macbeth is Macbeth’s soulmate as well as other half, and in doing so she controlled him and his brain, convincing him to do the most wicked acts. If it wasn’t for her, who knows what fate would have brought to Macbeth and his legacy.

Aurora of a Dream essays

Aurora of a Dream essays Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, has an aurora of a dream. It is an enduring play that alludes to the unconscious motivations of life. It is a genuine tragedy. This is a story of rags to riches in reverse. It is a story of failure, uphill struggles, and a dream from reality. The American Dream, which is a myth of success, models the events of the plot, the character and the situations. Death of a Salesman illustrates what most people are up against. The reader sees the situations of civilization that he lives in himself, not the situations that Willy Loman, the salesman, encounters. Willy has conversations that are inside his head, which Miller once considered to be the title of the play. The past and present weave into one. The play is set during the 1950s. During this time, Senator Joe McCarthy was responsible for a movement known as McCarthyism. Readers during this era sometimes view Millers play as an attack on capitalism. Willy unknowingly symbolizes a revolt against society. He instills this on his sons with the value he places on manual work, sports, fitness and capability to handle tools and build things. Willy was an outdoorsman and did not realize it. In Act Two,Willy talks about their house and the work he had done: All the cement, lumber, the reconstruction I put in this house! There aint a crack to be found in it any more. This explains Biffs success as a ranch hand. In the Requiem, Linda remarks, He was so wonderful with his hands. It was bred into their family to do this type of work, not to be a white-collar worker. Biff replys to his mother in the Requiem, He never knew who he was. Willy declares in Act One, A man who cant handle tools is not a man. Willy could not believe that Charlies son; Bernard who became a lawyer, would ever be successful because he lacked all t...

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving Essay

There are signs that the current economic situation is improving - Essay Example HRM is also entrusted with the tasks of ensuring that a suitable working environment is developed in organisations. Moreover, it also ensures that a harmonious and a better relationship is developed amid employees and management of organisations. The role of HRM can be viewed to get affected due to influences with respect to internal along with external environment. In this regard, the internal factors include organisational culture and climate. Organisational culture is based on various factors including values, beliefs along with ethnicity of employees. Organisational climate depends on leadership styles, communication and human resource (HR) policies. On the other hand, external factors comprise economic conditions, demographics and labour market conditions. Economic conditions entail availability of financial resources or materials and demand along with supply of products and/or services. Labour market implies the availability of labour forces to be recruited. Demographics state the features of the workforces to be recruited which include education level, marital status and age. In this context, the economic conditions are determined as the major element affecting the aspect of HRM in maintaining the performance of business organisations. This can be owing to the reason that the economic conditions pose several threats to certain significant factors that include employment rate and productivity (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). It can be apparently observed that the global economy has been under economic recession from the period 2009, affecting business operations on a global context. However, the commencement of the year 2011 has been identified to reveal signs of improvement in the global economic conditions with increased demand and sales of products and/or services. Additionally, the rate of employment has declined by a certain extent. Moreover, there are certain other factors depicting the reviving conditions of the global economic conditions that include profit margin, increased factory productions and better job opportunities (Pearson Canada Inc., 2013). In this respect, the essay intends to discuss about the impact of improving economic conditions imposed on the policies along with other strategic aspects of HRM within organisations. Review of Literature Improving Economic Situations According to Monica (2012), the economic conditions have been observed to improve by a certain extent in a slow and a steady manner after the recession period. It can be viewed in this similar concern that the spending of consumers in the worldwide market segments have increased by a substantial amount due to greater flow of money in the economy. Additionally, operations of business organisations have increased on a global context with better trading activities and sales of products and/or services. Monica (2012) noted that flow of investments has augmented with the rise of the trends of globalisation. Moreover, the rate of inflation is also seemed to reduce in most of the countries, improving the purchasing power of customers at large (Monica, 2012). In this similar context, Jochnick (2013) stated that balanced economic policies have assisted countries in improving their respective economic conditi

Core Competencies and Program Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Core Competencies and Program Objectives - Essay Example As such, the curriculum should be structured to deliver and foster synergy and persistence across the curriculum and yield to the assessment of program outcomes. II NLN Core Competencies and Program Outcomes for Graduates of Baccalaureate Programs NLN outlines four outcomes as demonstrating and mirroring mastery of essential core nursing practice competencies. The objective of nursing education for every nursing program can be grouped in four distinct outcomes: nurses ought to utilize their skills and knowledge to promote human flourishing for their patients, families, and communities at large. Furthermore, they should manifest sound nursing judgment, and should persistently persist in developing their professional identity. Finally, nurses ought to approach all issues and challenges in a spirit of inquiry (National League for Nursing, 2010a). The outlined components are envisaged to yield to core competency development. NLN six competencies entail: (a) allow learning; (b) assist in learner socialization and development; (c) utilize review and appraisal strategies; (d) engage in curriculum design and program result appraisals; (e) play the role of change agent and leader; (f) based on the role of nursing educator, seek quality enhancement (National League for Nursing, 2010a). ... This relates to the creation of pathways to execute the nurse’s distinct potential. This relates to the attainment of human prosperity as a life-long existential continuum of self-actualization and self-realization that perpetually continues to progress. The nurse should integrate the knowledge and skills learned to aid students, families, and the community at large to incessantly progress toward attainment of human capacities (National League for Nursing, 2010b). NLN Outcome/ competency for human flourishing The graduate of the nursing program evidently be a promoter for patients and families in ways that foster their self-determination, honesty, and continuous growth as human persons. As such, in mastering the art and science of nursing, the role of the nurse educator centre on aiding students establish core competencies to guarantee that the students can, subsequently, lead patients in looking past the clinical encounter, or the peculiarity in their health condition, and fo ster a re-assimilation of their experiences. Essential to attaining the program result of human flourishing details the strategic intertwining of progressively structured learning activities and the articulation of essential competencies throughout the nursing curriculum. A student can attain this outcome by learning activities that are pertinent and suitable to the program, and related courses. The notion of human flourishing is essentially a lived experience of contemporary nursing students, the fundamental concepts centering on human dignity, heat and illness, vulnerability, compassion, as well as cultural and ethnic diversity (Bjork & Kirkevold, 1999). This also involves capability to question standards of nursing standards in pursuit of

Promotion And Development Of Rail Tourism India Tourism Essay

Promotion And Development Of Rail Tourism India Tourism Essay In India, Railways play a vital role in the socio-economic life of the country. Today, the number of domestic as well as international travelers is increasing with an increase in the disposable income of Indians. To support the increasing traffic of travelers even Indian Railways have come out with few plans over last 10-15 years. They are trying to build their tourism wing as well but still travelers are not aware of the various initiatives taken by Indian Railways. Indian Railways have a totally new wing to handle this i.e. Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC). The first objective of the project is to bring awareness by designing the marketing plan for them. This will be used all over the country to promote rail tourism. The other objective of the project is to find the feasibility of new route which they can venture into. This would require both financial and operational strategy. The final deliverable for the MRR would be a combination of both the strategies mentioned above for Indian Railways to showcase the marketing plan and advantages and risk for investing in the new routes. Objectives of the study The objective of this study is as follows: To study Indian Railways especially tourism hand of it. To study changing tourism pattern in India. To study current IRCTC tourism plan. To understand the demographics of tourist To recommend a marketing strategy for already present plans Finding new route which IRCTC could venture. To develop financial and operational plan for this new route. To recommend a plan for the implementation of above strategy. Hypothesis of the MRR In India, numbers of tourist are increasing every year due to increase in the disposable income. Railway has a tourism wing which tries to satisfy the need of these tourist but still general public is not much aware various initiatives taken. Tourist are still competing with the general traveler to get a seat in rail instead of opting for various other special offers provided by rail tourism. We have an opportunity to start new route and promote both old as well as new routes by formulating a marketing plan for this. Scope and Limitation Scope: This study would help in promoting rail tourism in India. Also this would help them to generate extra revenue by venturing into new routes. It would help to satisfy the current increasing demand for transportation by tourist. Limitation: MRR would choose certain region based on selected parameters to search for new routes and to start with the marketing plan for the same. This selection does not mean that IRCTC would be willing to share all the data for the project. MRR would only deal in highlighting and describing important benefits associated with start of new routes. It would not cover financial and operational details of it. The financial plan would require valuations of new strategy. Limitations in data might lead to valuations based on assumptions and model. However both time and resource did not permit venturing into a study of other Railway systems in detail except through what was available on Internet and locally available article on the subject. Chapter 2: Brief overview of global Tourism Industry Introduction Tourism is travel for various purposes like recreational, business, leisure or pleasure. World Tourism Organization headquartered at Madrid defines tourists as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. In recent times tourism has been recognized as an important social and economic phenomenon. At the World Conference on Tourism held in Manila in 1980, the importance of tourism and its widespread effects were recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, which stated, Tourism is considered an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations. There are three forms of Tourism as per United Nations as follows: Domestic Tourism When a resident is travelling in its own country. Inbound Tourism When Non-residents are travelling in the given country. Outbound Tourism When residents travels to another country. History In earlier times, rich uses to travel to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art,  learn new languages, and experience new cultures and to taste different  cuisines. The word  tourist  was used by 1772  and  tourism  by 1811.  In 1936, the  League of Nations defined  foreign tourist  as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. United Nations in 1945 have amended this definition by including a maximum stay of six months. United Kingdom was the first country to promote leisure travel which was associated with Industrial Revolution due to increase in Industrial population. This comprise of new middle class at that time. This model was then replicated in France, Continental Europe, and south pacific Asia and slowly in other parts of world. Mass tourism was developed with the development of technology and infrastructure, allowing tourist to move around in the world with ease. It was developed only due to new development in transport system around the world. Tourist Destination statistics The global tourism market is very concentrated at the top end; 45% of the world`s international arrivals in 2010 are accounted for by the top ten countries. However the future trends show a major shift in the share of tourist arrivals from developed European economies to emerging Asian markets. Following is the ranking of top destinations as per United Nations World Tourism Organization as per different categories: International Tourist arrivals by country of destination as of 2011 France 80 Million United States 62 Million China 58 Million International Tourism receipts as of 2011 United States $116 Billion Spain $60 Billion France $54 Billion Most visited cities by international tourist arrival Paris (France) 15.6 Million London (UK) 15.2 Million Antalya (Turkey) 10.5 Million Goldrush_big.jpg Source: Amadeus The above diagram shows a research conducted by Amadeus which shows that there will be a dramatic change of travel spend with Asia-Pacific visitor arrivals accounting for 22% of global traffic and Asia-Pacific residents representing 32% of global travel spend in 2020. Although Europe will dominate the tourism market overall but Asia-Pacific have shown a great improvement and is growing faster than other regions. Economic Factors Travel Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries. In 2011 Travel Tourism contributed 9% to the global GDP which values to more than US$6 trillion, and accounted for more than 255 million jobs. Travel Tourism industry is expected to grow by an average of 4% annually over the next 10 years, taking it to 10% of global GDP, or some US$10 trillion. It is expected that by 2022 Travel Tourism industry will account for 328 million jobs or 1 in every 10 jobs on the planet. As per a survey Travel Tourism is a key generator of employment across the European Union directly generating 10 million jobs across Europe, substantially more than the automotive manufacturing (3.2 million), mining (3.6 million) and financial services sectors (8.5 million). Employment is created in the sectors like transportation services like airlines, cruise, taxi, etc; hospitality services such as hotels, resorts, etc; and entertainment industry like amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, theatres, etc. Ev en Asia Pacific region is now investing money in Travel Tourism to depict same figures in their economies as well. Below is the diagram showing how the contribution is made towards economy and employment through Travel and Tourism (TT). It is divided into three parts i.e. Direct, Indirect and Induced. Source: World Trade and Tourism Council research report The direct contribution of TT to GDP in 2011 was USD 1,972.8bn (2.8% of GDP). The direct contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 4.2% pa by 2022. Total contribution of TT to GDP was USD 6,346.1bn in 2011 i.e. 9.1% of GDP and is expected to grow by 2.8% to USD 6,526.9bn i.e. 9.8% of GDP by 2022. Source: WTTC Negative factors affecting tourism Below are the factors which are affecting tourism in most part of the world: Terrorist threat is one of the biggest negative factors affecting tourism. Terrorist attack in London, US, etc has reduced the number of tourist going to these countries. Also there is  terrorist threat  to  tourist destinations, such as in  Bali  and several European cities. Tsunami in Asia had affected tourism in most of the Asian countries at that time. Thousands of lives were lost including many tourists. Tsunami, Katrina and other cyclones in other regions have slowed down the tourism industry in their respective countries. Virus attacks like H1N1 influenza virus have affected the tourism in several countries. Other factors like economic unrest and recession have affected the number of tourist going for vacation. Future Developments Tourism is expected to grow at a rate of 4% annually and all this requires constant development in the technology and infrastructure. Tourists can be divided generally as per their budgets and taste thus new different ideas are required to pull tourist towards a country or city. For example some people like to go on a hill while some people like to go out for a theme park. Thus various developments were done to cater all the segments as per their needs. Developments like airlines have made it very accessible to travel round the world. International organization WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people is on planes at any time. Internet development has brought a new revolution in tourism industry. One can book tickets (Rail, ship, airlines, etc), plans, packages, etc through internet. One can easily get a customized package as per their needs on a click of button. Due to competition these website gives competitive prices which is always beneficial for the end customer. Sustainable Tourism As the environmental condition of the world deteriorating every year this is an attempt by tourism industry to make as low impact on the  environment  and local  culture  as possible, while helping to generate future employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves. There is a difference between Sustainable tourism and  ecotourism. Ecotourism  is a form of  tourism  involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism. Purpose of Ecotourism is to educate the traveler, to provide funds for  ecological conservation, to directly benefit the  economic development  and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for  human rights. A number of countries around the world are dependent on Tourism and consider Sustainable tourism as the important vehicle for economic and social development. Sustainable tourism is visualized as leading to management of all resources in such a way that social, economic and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining biodiversity, cultural integrity, life support system and essential ecological processes. It  implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is not just the responsibility of government but it is the responsibility of all the stakeholders in tourism sector as well as the tourists to ensure that what they are getting today is preserve for future generations to enjoy. All stakeholders are responsible to give a good quality of life to future generations and they shouldnt do anything which would affect the lives of future generation. For Sustainable tourism each country has to address various issues of policy-making, planning, management and the participation of the private sector and other stakeholders must be addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible constraints that need to be overcome by concerted efforts. Sustainable-Development.png Sustainable tourism aims to reach a balance between the three factors mentioned above i.e. Social, Environmental and Economic factors without affecting the tourists expectations from their travel. Sustainable tourism integrates tourism with other factors like economic and growth policies so as to reduce the negative impact mass tourism. Sustainable tourism requires involving local community as well while developing any tourism plan as they are the people who will get affected by any kind of development in their area. Murphy promoted the use of an ecological approach while implementing the sustainable tourism development process. He considered both plants and people during the process. This is in contrast to the boosterism and economic approaches to tourism planning, neither of which considers the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination. Chapter 3: Overview of Indian Tourism Industry Introduction India is a huge land with a variety of different flora and fauna. Each place has something new to offer. It has covered by Himalayas hilly region on one side and sea on the other sides. Tourism in India is one of the largest service industries. As India is a vast country so there are thousands of destinations and each destination is a tourist spot in itself. Whether you visit the metros, big cities or remote areas of India, you will experience something different and interesting alike. Besides, India is also dotted with a number of picturesque hills which draw tourists from world over and provide a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of cities. For those who are interested in history and architecture, India has a number of sites which have been designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. You can get a fine glimpse of the bygone era at these Heritage Sites.  UK and US tourists are among major tourist population that visit India. Most popular tourist destinations, in India, among Foreigners are Kerala,  Tamil Nadu,  Delhi,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Rajasthan. Most popular destination among Domestic tourist is Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Being oldest states of India, heritage Sites and most importantly Pilgrimage Sites, attracts Domestic tourist. According to  World Travel and Tourism Council, from 2009 to 2018, India will among top tourism destination,  having the highest 10-year growth potential.  The  Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007  ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security. A 5000 year history, culture, religion and alternative medicine fascinates all segments of tourist. The focus of the industry is on Atithi Devo Bhavah campaign, targeted at the inbound foreign tourist. Translated literally it means Guest is God. Main attraction to India is its cultural and geographical diversity. It also had a rich history and each region has its own uniqueness which appeals to large and diverse tourist base. There are many tourist spots which come under UNESCO heritage. India provides heritage, sports, medical and business. India has one of the largest and fastest growing  medical tourism sectors. According to global hotel and hospitality consulting firm, HVS International, the strong performance in tourist arrivals in 2005 can be attributed to a strong sense of business and investment confidence in India inspired by: Indias strong GDP performance Strengthening of ties with developed world Reforms in aviation sector which led to better connectivity with many countries, and Opening of sectors of the economy to private sector/foreign investment. Other factors are: Development of infrastructure by government Indias emergence as an outsourcing hub Success of Incredible India campaign and other tourism promotion measures Indias growing recognition as an exciting place to visit. Ministry of Tourism National policies are planned by the Ministry of Tourism. They are responsible for the development and promotion of tourism in India. They are also responsible for the regulation of tourism industry as well as promotion of India as tourist destination to the world. They have to take consideration from all the stakeholders in the sector to execute any plan or development in any of the regions. All the stakeholders involved in this process needs to work collaboratively to function smoothly. Ministry is putting considerable effort to promote new forms of tourism like eco-tourism, medical, sports, water, etc.  The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the  Incredible India  campaign. As of January 2011, head of the ministry is the  Cabinet Minister Subodh Kant Sahay.  India  stole the limelight at the World Tourism Mart 2011 in  London  by winning two global awards Worlds Leading Destination and Worlds Leading Tourist Board,  Incredible India. Economic Factors Tourism contributes 6.4% to the national GDP and 8.8% to the employment in India. It is the 3rd largest foreign exchange earner in India. Travel Tourism (TT) directs contribution to GDP in 2011 was INR1,689.8bn (1.9% of GDP). By 2012, it is forecasted that it will grow by 7.6% to INR1,818.5bn. This shows how much economy can grow just with the help of hotels, rails and other form of transportation services (excluding commuter services). Not only this but it also includes the other industries which are dependent on the tourist such as restaurants and leisure industry. It is expected that by 2022 direct contribution of TT to GDP is expected to grow by 7.7% pa to INR3,805.2bn (1.9% of GDP). The Total contribution of TT to GDP was INR5,651.0bn in 2011 (6.4% of GDP) and by 2012 it is expected to grow by 7.3% to INR6,062.3bn (6.5% of GDP). Total contribution is further forecast to rise by 7.8% pa to INR12,891.2bn by 2022 (6.5% of GDP). % of whole economy GDP Source: WTTC Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Direct TT generated by leisure travel spending (inbound and domestic) is 73.8% of direct TT GDP in 2011 (INR3,335.4bn) compared with 26.2% for business travel spending (INR1,181.3bn). Business travel spending is expected to grow by 4.1% in 2012 to INR1,229.6bn, and rise by 7.6% pa to INR2,562.2bn in 2022. Leisure travel spending is expected to grow by 8.6% in 2012 to INR3,622.3bn, and rise by 7.6% pa to INR7,554.3bn in 2022. Source: WTTC Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Domestic travel spending generated 82.2% of direct Travel Tourism GDP in 2011 compared with 17.8% for visitor exports (ie foreign visitor spending or international tourism receipts). Domestic travel spending is expected to grow by 8.3% in 2012 to INR4,009.9bn, and rise by 8.1% pa to INR8,710.3bn in 2022. Visitor exports are expected to grow by 3.5% in 2012 to INR829.2bn, and rise by 5.2% pa to INR1,382.6bn in 2022. Source: WTTC Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Below are the country rankings of absolute contribution for year 2011. We can see that under direct and total contribution to GDP India is ranked 11th and 12th respectively which is a good ranking. Compared to other Asian economies China is the only country ahead of India in ranking. If we consider employment parameter then India is ranked as 1st for direct contribution to employment while 2nd for total contribution to employment after China. If we see capital investment done with respect to other countries then India is ranked at 4th position. These rankings are in absolute term but if we consider relative value then India is way behind its neighbors. It is ranked as 126th as total contribution to the GDP. While contribution of tourism to employment is ranked at 102nd and capital investment at 97th. Compared to its competitive neighboring nation it is a poor ranking. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsContribution.jpg Source: WTTC The tables provide brief extracts from the full WTTC Country League Table Rankings, highlighting comparisons with competing destinations as well as with the world average. The competing destinations selected are those that offer a similar tourism product and compete for tourists from the same set of origin markets. These tend to be, but are not exclusively, geographical neighbors. Below is the long term ranking on the same parameters as above. If we analyze the rankings then we can see that it is improving from the current relative rankings. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsLong term.jpg Source: WTTC The above table highlights comparison with competing destination as well as with world average. It is a snapshot from WTTC country league table ranking. The competing destinations offer a similar tourism product and compete for tourists from the same set of origin markets i.e. geographic location. Statistics of Indian Tourism In 2010, numbers of foreign tourist arrival were 5.78 Million which shows the annual growth rate of 11.8%. This double digit shows that the number of tourist coming to India is increasing at a good rate because the global annual growth is just 6.6% while annual growth of entire Asia Pacific Region is 12.7%. Although this annual growth rate is comparatively high but the share of India in International tourist arrival is just 0.61% and India is ranked at 40th position. We can also see in the below chart provided by UNWTO that the inbound tourism in Asia and pacific region is going to grow faster than any other region of the world. So this gives a lot of potential for Asian countries to grow and develop their economy via medium of tourism. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsunwto_general_assembly_10oct2011_slide8.jpg Source: UNWTO Maximum tourist comes from USA (16%) followed by UK (13%) and then Bangladesh (7.5%). Delhi (34.5%) and Mumbai airport (20.5%) is the main entry point for tourists coming to India. Below table shows the purpose of FTAs visit to India. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocs77.jpg Source: India Tourism Statistic 2010 In 2010, peak tourist month was December while on the lower side was May. In December there were around 11.8% tourist and in May there were 5.7% tourist only. The below graph shows that peak season were in Jan March Oct Dec in 2010. This is generally consistent with the pattern in 2008 and 2009 also. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsMonth.jpg Source: India Tourism Statistic 2010 Peak months differ for countries to countries like for USA, Canada, Malaysia, Australia and Singapore, December was the peak month. For countries like UK, Germany and Korea January was the peak month. For few countries it is even August or July. But overall it is the winter season (October-December) where we see maximum FTAs in India i.e. 31.1% and minimum in summer season (April-June) i.e. 18.8%. Of all the FTAs in 2010, Male FTAs accounted for 59.3% while Female as 40.7%. Over the last 15 years the percentage of female visitors has increased in India. The trend among the age group which we have seen in the inbound tourist was that maximum comes from the age group of 35-44, followed by the age groups of 45-54 years and 25-34 years. Minimum were in the age group of 15-24 years. Domestic Tourism: Along with International tourism even Domestic tourism is increasing at a good pace. The compound annual growth rate of domestic tourist visits to all states/UTs from 1991 to 2010 is 13.5%. Below is the diagram showing year-wise domestic/foreign tourists visits to States/ UTs during 2000 and 2010 C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsDomestic.jpg Source: India Tourism Statistic 2010 Below is the figure showing the percentage share of Top 10 States/UTs in Domestic tourist visits in 2010. We can see that Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu itself comprise of roughly 55% of the total domestic tourist visit. In terms of foreign tourist Maharashtra is the state which is most visited i.e. 28.5%. C:UsersDellDocumentsAIMMRRDocsshare.jpg Source: India Tourism Statistic 2010 Chapter 4: Transport Industry in India Introduction Transport in the Republic of India is an important part of the nations economy. Since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. Indias transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.1 billion people. In 2007, the sector contributed about 5.5 percent to the nations GDP. Public transport still remains the primary mode of transport for most of the population, and Indias public transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world. Indias rail network is the 4th longest and the most heavily used system in the world, transporting over 6  billion passengers and over 350 million  tons of freight annually. Good physical connectivity in the urban and rural areas is essential for economic growth. Since the early 1990s, Indias growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services. However, the sector has not been able to keep pace with rising demand and is proving to be a drag on the economy. Major improvements in the sector are required to support the countrys continued economic growth and to reduce poverty. Primary Mode of Transportation Railways.  Indian Railways (reporting mark IR) is an Indian state-owned railway enterprise, owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the worlds largest railway networks comprising a total of 114,500 kilometres (71,147 mi) of track over a route of 65,000 kilometres (40,389 mi) and 7,500 stations. IR carries over 30 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight daily. In 2011-2012 Railway earned INR104,278.79 crore (US$18.87 billion) which consists of INR69,675.97 crore (US$12.61 billion) from freight and INR28,645.52 crore (US$5.18 billion) from passengers tickets. It is one of the worlds largest employers.  The railways play a leading role in carrying passengers and cargo across Indias vast territory. However, most of its major corridors have capacity constraint requiring capacity enhancement plans. To reduce congestion on rail corridors along the highly trafficked Golden Quadrilateral and improving port connectivity govern ment is launching the National Rail Vikas Yojana (National Railway Development Program). The development of two Dedicated Freight Corridors from Mumbai to Delhi and Ludhiana to Dankuni is also in governments plan. Roads.  Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent of the countrys passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. The density of Indias highway network at 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and much greater than Chinas (0.16) or Brazils (0.20). However, most highways in India are narrow and congested with poor surface quality, and 40 percent of Indias villages do not have access to all-weather roads. Ports. India has a long coastline, spanning 7516.6 kilometres, forming one of the biggest peninsulas in the world. It is serviced by 13 major ports (12 government and 1 corporate) and 187 notified minor and intermediate ports. The latest addition to major ports is Port Blair on June 2010, the 13th port in the country. These ports serve the countrys growing foreign trade in petroleum products, iron ore, and coal, as well as the increasing movement of containers. Inland water transportation remains largely undeveloped despite Indias 14,000 kilometers of navigable rivers and canals. Aviation. India has  125 airports, including 11 international airports. Indian airports handled 96 million passengers and 1.5 million tons of cargo in year 2006-2007, an increase of 31.4% for passenger and 10.6% for cargo traffic over previous year. The dramatic increase in air traffic for both passengers and cargo in recent years has placed a heavy strain on the countrys major airports. Passenger traffic is projected to cross 100 million and cargo to cross 3.3 million tons by year 2010. Privatization and expansion of the Mumbai and New Delhi Airports and development of new international airports at Hyderabad and Bangalore. Transport infrastructure in India is better developed in the southern and southwestern parts of the country. PESTLE Analysis Political Context Many limitations were imposed by public transport sector. Also government has imposed many taxes which will further increase the prices of automobiles. Government has asked public transport vehicles in many cities to move to CNG instead of petrol which has affected many individuals. Launching the ambitious National Highway Development Program which has seven phases and is expected to be completed by 2012. It includes improved connectivity between Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, popularly called the Golden Quadrilateral, in the first phase, North- South and East- West corridors in phase two, four laning of more than 12,000 km in phase three, two laning of 20,000km and six laning of 6,500 km respectively in phase four and five, development of 1,000km of expressway in phase six and other important highway projects in phase seven. Total expected investment is INR 2.2 trillion. Accelerated Road Development Program for the North East Region to provide road connectivi ty to all State capitals and district headquarters in the region. Economic Context Petrol prices are increasing every year at a sky rocket speed and this will surely hamper the transport industry as it will lead to increase in the travelling fare. Consumer confidence has decreased as a result of the economic downturn and people are seeking savings in their everyday life. Increase in the average disposable income of both families and individuals indicates that more people can afford to buy and use a private car. Tourism bring foreign exchange earnings of USD 14.19 Billion. The top-income households, the real consuming class with high disposable income, have been getting richer faster. It is for this reason that the boom in sales of virtually every consumer product from cars to bikes to TV sets is visible all over. Societies Context Growing population and numbers of visitors/tourists/immigrants imply increasing demand for transport Services. People are more time-poor and seek efficient ways of transport in the city, where public transport possesses advantages such as rail and bus lanes that avoid traffic jams. People seek the convenience, personal comfort and social status that mainly private cars or, to a certain degree, taxis can offer Technology Context Rapid development in communication and computer technologies, e.g. increasing use of videoconferencing, tele-working and the Internet

Medical Testing On Animals :: essays research papers

Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. Most of the animals used for research are rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. Some dogs, cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons, monkeys and rabbits are also used .The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been fought over in recent years. Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhaps, to the bitter abortion debate." For decades the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel, inhumane, and often unnecessary. The American Medical Association believes that research involving animals is absolutely essential to maintaining and improving the health human beings. They point out, that virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics to organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. They also emphasize that animal research holds the key for solutions to AIDS, cancer, heart disease, aging and congenital defects. Lastly they insist that, the result of these experiments has been the elimination or control of many infectious diseases. This has meant a longer, healthier, better life with much less pain and suffering for humans. For many patients, it has meant life it self.However, there should be other means of research because the whole process of animal research remains cruel and inhumane. Animal rights activists have gathered a large amount of information that has closed down many laboratories that violate anti-cruelty statutes. In the past, research labs have had to be subsequently suspended due to animal cruelty. Reports involving horrifyingly painful experiments on monkeys and the filthy laboratories the animals must live in. Animals limited to living in tiny metal cages in which they can barely move. From the capture of primates in the wild, to the "factory-like" breeding of mice and dogs, to the confinement and isolation of cages - research is inherently cruel.Animal research is often unnecessary, history has shown that many important medical advances have been made by clinical research and close observations of human patients, not animals. There are countries that don't use healthy animals to train veterinarians or teach surgical techniques. In England they use only sick or injured animals and do most of their work on animal cadavers.

Dawson Lumber Company Essay

Marketing Analysis: The Dawson Lumber Company was founded in the 1870s by the Dawson family to market the lumber on their land. In 1950, Dawson Lumber owned four small lumber yards in the Cornwall area, each operating as a separate company. However, in 1965, J.H. Dawson became president and amalgamated the four companies into the Dawson Lumber Company. The company had acquired seven more lumber yards north and west of Cornwall, Ontario but further growth was limited by J.H. Dawson’s belief that growth should only be financed by internally generated funds. For over one hundred years, Dawson Lumber had been dealing with the Cornwall branch of the Eastern Bank and, in 1993, borrowed approximately $1.5 million to finance inventory build-up needed to meet seasonal sales. From April to November, 77 percent of the sales occurred evenly, while 23 percent were evenly distributed from December to March. The demand is seasonal which comprises of 8 months peak season and 4 months off season for which the sales remain low. The company’s sales were between $10 and $15 million in the late 1980s, with 90 percent being wholesale sales to local residential contractors. After the retirement of J.H. Dawson, his son Doug Dawson took over the business and reorganized the company’s 11 branches into three regions. The Northern Region served an urban market and consisted of three yards just outside the city of Ottawa. Four lumber yards in the Cornwall area made up the Eastern Region and five lumber yards near Kingston formed the Western Region. The Eastern Region was a rural market while the Western region was partially a resort and partially an urban area. Each region was made the responsibility of an area supervisor who had worked for many years in the company’s lumber yards. A management committee consisting of the president, controller, and area supervisors met monthly to discuss operational  strategy. In an attempt to minimize inventory levels, one branch in each region operated as a depot. A fleet of trucks kept frequent and regular schedules between the lumber yards and the depot provide rapid delivery to the customer. From the year 1996-1998 the gross margin ranges from 26% to 31% on average of lumber sales. The regular price was the price at which the item could be charged and delivered. The discount price applied if the customer wished to pay the cash and take the goods away. A third price was also charged if the customer wished to pay cash and have the purchase delivered. The new store’s sales in its first two months of operations were $2.28 million. To sum up the company has remarkable marketing activities. Operations Analysis: On the basis of comparing the financial information for the past three years 1996, 1997 & 1998, we can clearly see that due to consistent increase in revenue because of rapid market growth and reorganization of the company’s branch structure has greatly helped in achieving the sales growth from 21.1% in the year 1996-97 to 38.6% in the year 1997-98. This sale growth is indicative of the fact that there had also corresponding increase in the net profit leading to more equity and total assets base. However, despite such development and growth, the company is suffering from operational inefficiency due to crisis in its poor management of the working capital and particularly the timing in replenishment of inventories and other liquid assets majorly accounts receivables. It was evident from the financials that working capital seems to be stuck because it has been increased from $ 4.3 million to $ 6.8 million. The collection period for accounts receivable turned out to be 72 days on average which is substantially high. In addition, the days in inventory sale were increasing over the period from a minimum of 112 to 153 days. Moreover, due to delay in collection of accounts receivable, the accounts payable days are also increasing over the subsequent years. Although the fixed asset turnover ratio was good in 1996 but it is deteriorating in subsequent years however the total asset turnover ratio is also very low. Financial Analysis: Strictly speaking, at present the Dawson Lumber Company is being financed by a bank loan. The company’s equity structure constitutes common stock capital amounting to $4.3 million and the accumulated earnings. Presently, the company’s financing needs are met through two types of bank loans which include a working capital loan obtained specifically to meet the working capital requirements and the present long term loan amounting to 4.2 million. Both the loans are obtained from National bank of Canada (NBC). The NBC took accounts receivable and inventory as collateral and as a condition of the loan against the charge on the borrowed amount for which Dawson undertook to provide quarterly financial statements and monthly reports of inventory, sales and receivables. Now as far as the company’s cash flow is concerned, the company has been suffered with very weak cash flows because inventory and receivables have increased which result in negative cash flows and due to increased in accounts payable resulting in positive cash flow thus overall cash generated from operations remain intact. However as mentioned above it is operational inefficiency due to delay in collection from customers resulting in delay in payments to creditor. The current ratio is at satisfactory level. If we talk about the company’s leverage, we can see that initially the interest coverage ratio in the year 1996 was low however it is considered to be satisfactory in subsequent years. But here is an alarming situation that has gone much intense over the period and proves to be the key business concern for the company and its sustainability in the long run over a foreseeable future, that is, the highest debt to equity ratio. We can see that debt to equity ratio was 55% in the year 1996 which decreased to 28% due to mortgage repayments. However, during the year 1997-98, the company gone to high leverage due to 99% debt to equity ratio. This was indicative of the fact that the company has obtained a long term bank loan and an increase in the operating line of credit to $ 5 million. Summary & Conclusion: Under the present circumstances and the present growing needs of the company of financing, it is not advisable for the company to go for additional financing since it’s already 99% geared and leveraged. Although the company’s additional financing can be backed up by the amount of receivable and inventories. But the inventory and receivables needs to be insured so that in case of loss due to fire or flooding the bank can realize the amount from the insurance company. Apart from cost cutting strategies, there is a major need to improve the fund flow mechanism by following up the customers to tender payments immediately and impose commissions on late payments so that the company would be able to disburse payments to creditors. Moreover, the marketing activities should be improved further so that it must take less days to sale inventory. In this way the company will be able to generate more funds frequently and thus the need for additional financing will be minimized. (taimoor880 at gmail)